Sequencing Simulation

Disclaimer: RACES/ProCESS internally implements the probability distributions using the C++11 random number distribution classes. The standard does not specify their algorithms, and the class implementations are left free for the compiler. Thus, the simulation output depends on the compiler used to compile RACES, and because of that, the results reported in this article may differ from those obtained by the reader.

Once a phylogenetic forest has been computed, as detailed in vignette("mutations"), ProCESS can simulate the sequencing of the samples in the forest and return the observed data.

Sequencing Simulation

Let us reload the phylogenetic forest produced in vignette("mutations").

library(ProCESS)

phylo_forest <- load_phylogenetic_forest("phylo_forest.sff")
#>  [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:00s] Loading forest [████████--------------------------------] 18% [00m:01s] Loading forest [███████████████-------------------------] 35% [00m:02s] Loading forest [█████████████████████-------------------] 52% [00m:03s] Loading forest [████████████████████████████------------] 69% [00m:04s] Loading forest [███████████████████████████████████-----] 86% [00m:05s] Loading forest [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:06s] Forest loaded

phylo_forest
#> PhylogeneticForest
#>   # of trees: 1
#>   # of nodes: 18845
#>   # of leaves: 5396
#>   samples: {"S_1_1", "S_1_2", "S_2_1", "S_2_2"}
#> 
#>   # of emerged SNVs and indels: 15101
#>   # of emerged CNAs: 37

The loaded phylogenetic forest models the cell evolution of 4 different samples: S_1_1, S_1_2, S_2_1, and S_2_2.

We can simulate the sequencing of these samples with coverage of 2.5X by as it follows.

# let us simulate a 30x sequencing of the four sample
seq_results <- simulate_seq(phylo_forest, coverage = 30)
#>  [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:00s]  [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:00s] Processing chr. 22 [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:03s] Processing chr. 22 [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:04s] Processing chr. 22 [█---------------------------------------] 1% [00m:05s] Processing chr. 22 [█---------------------------------------] 1% [00m:06s] Processing chr. 22 [█---------------------------------------] 2% [00m:07s] Processing chr. 22 [██--------------------------------------] 3% [00m:08s] Processing chr. 22 [██--------------------------------------] 4% [00m:09s] Processing chr. 22 [██--------------------------------------] 4% [00m:10s] Processing chr. 22 [███-------------------------------------] 5% [00m:11s] Processing chr. 22 [███-------------------------------------] 6% [00m:12s] Processing chr. 22 [███-------------------------------------] 6% [00m:13s] Processing chr. 22 [███-------------------------------------] 7% [00m:14s] Processing chr. 22 [████------------------------------------] 8% [00m:15s] Processing chr. 22 [████------------------------------------] 8% [00m:16s] Processing chr. 22 [████------------------------------------] 9% [00m:17s] Processing chr. 22 [█████-----------------------------------] 10% [00m:18s] Processing chr. 22 [█████-----------------------------------] 11% [00m:19s] Processing chr. 22 [█████-----------------------------------] 11% [00m:20s] Processing chr. 22 [█████-----------------------------------] 12% [00m:21s] Processing chr. 22 [██████----------------------------------] 13% [00m:22s] Processing chr. 22 [██████----------------------------------] 14% [00m:23s] Processing chr. 22 [██████----------------------------------] 14% [00m:24s] Processing chr. 22 [███████---------------------------------] 15% [00m:25s] Processing chr. 22 [███████---------------------------------] 16% [00m:26s] Processing chr. 22 [███████---------------------------------] 16% [00m:27s] Processing chr. 22 [███████---------------------------------] 17% [00m:28s] Processing chr. 22 [████████--------------------------------] 18% [00m:29s] Processing chr. 22 [████████--------------------------------] 19% [00m:30s] Processing chr. 22 [████████--------------------------------] 19% [00m:31s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████-------------------------------] 20% [00m:32s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████-------------------------------] 21% [00m:33s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████-------------------------------] 21% [00m:34s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████-------------------------------] 22% [00m:35s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████------------------------------] 23% [00m:36s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████------------------------------] 24% [00m:37s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████------------------------------] 24% [00m:38s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████-----------------------------] 25% [00m:39s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████-----------------------------] 26% [00m:40s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████-----------------------------] 26% [00m:41s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████-----------------------------] 27% [00m:42s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████----------------------------] 28% [00m:43s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████----------------------------] 29% [00m:44s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████----------------------------] 29% [00m:45s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████---------------------------] 30% [00m:46s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████---------------------------] 31% [00m:47s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████---------------------------] 31% [00m:48s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████---------------------------] 32% [00m:49s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████--------------------------] 33% [00m:50s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████--------------------------] 34% [00m:51s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████--------------------------] 34% [00m:52s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████-------------------------] 35% [00m:53s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████-------------------------] 36% [00m:54s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████-------------------------] 36% [00m:55s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████-------------------------] 37% [00m:56s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████------------------------] 38% [00m:57s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████------------------------] 39% [00m:58s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████------------------------] 39% [00m:59s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████-----------------------] 40% [01m:00s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████-----------------------] 41% [01m:01s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████-----------------------] 41% [01m:02s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████-----------------------] 42% [01m:03s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████----------------------] 43% [01m:04s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████----------------------] 44% [01m:05s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████----------------------] 44% [01m:06s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████---------------------] 45% [01m:07s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████---------------------] 46% [01m:08s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████---------------------] 46% [01m:09s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████---------------------] 47% [01m:10s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████--------------------] 48% [01m:11s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████--------------------] 48% [01m:12s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████--------------------] 49% [01m:13s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████--------------------] 49% [01m:14s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████--------------------] 49% [01m:15s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████-------------------] 50% [01m:16s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████-------------------] 50% [01m:17s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████-------------------] 51% [01m:18s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████-------------------] 51% [01m:19s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████-------------------] 52% [01m:20s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████-------------------] 52% [01m:21s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████------------------] 52% [01m:22s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████------------------] 52% [01m:23s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████------------------] 54% [01m:24s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████------------------] 54% [01m:25s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████-----------------] 55% [01m:26s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████-----------------] 55% [01m:27s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████-----------------] 55% [01m:28s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████-----------------] 56% [01m:29s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████-----------------] 56% [01m:30s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████-----------------] 57% [01m:31s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████-----------------] 57% [01m:32s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████----------------] 58% [01m:33s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████----------------] 58% [01m:34s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████----------------] 58% [01m:35s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████----------------] 58% [01m:36s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████---------------] 60% [01m:37s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████---------------] 60% [01m:38s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████---------------] 60% [01m:39s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████---------------] 61% [01m:40s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████---------------] 61% [01m:41s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████---------------] 62% [01m:42s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████---------------] 62% [01m:43s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████--------------] 63% [01m:44s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████--------------] 63% [01m:45s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████--------------] 64% [01m:46s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████--------------] 64% [01m:47s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████--------------] 64% [01m:48s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████-------------] 65% [01m:49s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████-------------] 65% [01m:50s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████-------------] 66% [01m:51s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████-------------] 66% [01m:52s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████-------------] 67% [01m:53s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████-------------] 67% [01m:54s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████------------] 68% [01m:55s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████------------] 68% [01m:56s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████------------] 69% [01m:57s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████------------] 69% [01m:58s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████-----------] 70% [01m:59s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████-----------] 70% [02m:00s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████-----------] 70% [02m:01s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████-----------] 71% [02m:02s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████-----------] 71% [02m:03s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████-----------] 72% [02m:04s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████-----------] 72% [02m:05s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████----------] 73% [02m:06s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████----------] 73% [02m:07s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████----------] 74% [02m:08s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████----------] 74% [02m:09s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████---------] 75% [02m:10s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████---------] 75% [02m:11s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████---------] 75% [02m:12s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████---------] 76% [02m:13s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████---------] 76% [02m:14s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████---------] 77% [02m:15s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████---------] 77% [02m:16s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 78% [02m:17s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 78% [02m:18s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 78% [02m:19s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 78% [02m:20s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 78% [02m:21s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 79% [02m:22s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 79% [02m:23s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 79% [02m:24s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 79% [02m:25s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 79% [02m:26s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 79% [02m:27s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 80% [02m:28s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 80% [02m:29s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 80% [02m:30s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 80% [02m:31s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 80% [02m:32s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 80% [02m:33s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 80% [02m:34s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 81% [02m:35s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 81% [02m:36s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 81% [02m:37s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 81% [02m:38s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 81% [02m:39s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 81% [02m:40s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 82% [02m:41s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 82% [02m:42s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 82% [02m:43s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 82% [02m:44s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 82% [02m:45s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 82% [02m:46s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 83% [02m:47s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 83% [02m:48s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 83% [02m:49s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 83% [02m:50s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 83% [02m:51s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 83% [02m:52s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 83% [02m:53s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 84% [02m:54s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 84% [02m:55s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 84% [02m:56s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 84% [02m:57s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 84% [02m:58s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 84% [02m:59s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 85% [03m:00s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 85% [03m:01s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 85% [03m:02s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 85% [03m:03s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 85% [03m:04s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 85% [03m:05s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 85% [03m:06s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 86% [03m:07s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 86% [03m:08s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 86% [03m:09s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 86% [03m:10s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 86% [03m:11s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 86% [03m:12s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 87% [03m:13s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 87% [03m:14s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 87% [03m:15s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 87% [03m:16s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 87% [03m:17s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 87% [03m:18s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 88% [03m:19s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 88% [03m:20s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 88% [03m:21s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 88% [03m:22s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 88% [03m:23s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 88% [03m:24s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 88% [03m:25s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 89% [03m:26s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 89% [03m:27s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 89% [03m:28s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 89% [03m:29s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 89% [03m:30s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 89% [03m:31s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 90% [03m:32s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 90% [03m:33s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 90% [03m:34s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 90% [03m:35s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 90% [03m:36s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 90% [03m:37s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 91% [03m:38s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 91% [03m:39s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 91% [03m:40s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 91% [03m:41s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 91% [03m:42s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 91% [03m:43s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 92% [03m:44s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 92% [03m:45s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 92% [03m:46s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 92% [03m:47s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 92% [03m:48s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 92% [03m:49s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 93% [03m:50s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 93% [03m:51s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 93% [03m:52s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 93% [03m:53s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 93% [03m:54s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 93% [03m:55s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 94% [03m:56s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 94% [03m:57s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 94% [03m:58s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 94% [03m:59s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 94% [04m:00s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 94% [04m:01s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 95% [04m:02s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 95% [04m:03s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 95% [04m:04s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 95% [04m:05s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 95% [04m:06s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 95% [04m:07s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 96% [04m:08s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 96% [04m:09s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 96% [04m:10s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 96% [04m:11s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 96% [04m:12s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 96% [04m:13s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 97% [04m:14s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 97% [04m:15s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 97% [04m:16s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 97% [04m:17s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 97% [04m:18s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 97% [04m:19s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 98% [04m:20s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 98% [04m:21s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 98% [04m:22s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 98% [04m:23s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 98% [04m:24s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:25s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:26s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:27s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:28s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:29s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:30s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:31s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:32s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:33s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:34s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:35s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:36s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:37s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:38s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:39s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:40s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:41s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:42s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [04m:43s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [04m:44s] Reads simulated

# let us load the dplyr library to filter the `simulate_seq` output
library(dplyr)
#> 
#> Attaching package: 'dplyr'
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
#> 
#>     filter, lag
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
#> 
#>     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union

seq_results$parameters
#> $sequencer
#> list()
#> 
#> $reference_genome
#> NULL
#> 
#> $chromosomes
#> NULL
#> 
#> $coverage
#> [1] 30
#> 
#> $read_size
#> [1] 150
#> 
#> $insert_size_mean
#> [1] 0
#> 
#> $insert_size_stddev
#> [1] 10
#> 
#> $output_dir
#> [1] "ProCESS_SAM"
#> 
#> $write_SAM
#> [1] FALSE
#> 
#> $update_SAM
#> [1] FALSE
#> 
#> $cell_labelling
#> NULL
#> 
#> $purity
#> [1] 1
#> 
#> $with_normal_sample
#> [1] TRUE
#> 
#> $filename_prefix
#> [1] "chr_"
#> 
#> $template_name_prefix
#> [1] "r"
#> 
#> $include_non_sequenced_mutations
#> [1] FALSE
#> 
#> $seed
#> [1] -1800664448

seq_results$mutations %>% head
#>   chr  chr_pos ref   alt causes  classes S_1_1.occurrences S_1_1.coverage
#> 1  22 16051493   G     A        germinal                20             33
#> 2  22 16052080   G     A        germinal                16             32
#> 3  22 16052167   A AAAAC        germinal                30             30
#> 4  22 16053659   A     C        germinal                24             24
#> 5  22 16053863   G     A        germinal                25             37
#> 6  22 16054740   A     G        germinal                31             31
#>   S_1_1.VAF S_1_2.occurrences S_1_2.coverage S_1_2.VAF S_2_1.occurrences
#> 1 0.6060606                10             22 0.4545455                10
#> 2 0.5000000                23             37 0.6216216                12
#> 3 1.0000000                34             34 1.0000000                26
#> 4 1.0000000                30             30 1.0000000                24
#> 5 0.6756757                18             32 0.5625000                18
#> 6 1.0000000                20             20 1.0000000                35
#>   S_2_1.coverage S_2_1.VAF S_2_2.occurrences S_2_2.coverage S_2_2.VAF
#> 1             23 0.4347826                16             35 0.4571429
#> 2             27 0.4444444                16             31 0.5161290
#> 3             26 1.0000000                23             23 1.0000000
#> 4             24 1.0000000                21             21 1.0000000
#> 5             37 0.4864865                22             35 0.6285714
#> 6             35 1.0000000                32             32 1.0000000
#>   normal_sample.occurrences normal_sample.coverage normal_sample.VAF
#> 1                        14                     32         0.4375000
#> 2                         6                     23         0.2608696
#> 3                        24                     24         1.0000000
#> 4                        24                     24         1.0000000
#> 5                        15                     33         0.4545455
#> 6                        28                     28         1.0000000

The function simulate_seq() returns named list of two elements: a data frame whose rows represent the mutations observed in the simulated reads (name “mutations”) and the calling parameters (name “parameters”).

The number of columns in the data frame “mutations” depends on the number of samples in the phylogenetic forest. The first four columns describe the mutation and report the chromosome and the position in the chromosome of the mutation (columns chr and chr_pos, respectively), the genetic context in which the mutation occurs (column context), and the new base (column alt_base). Then, there are three columns for each of the samples: they contain the number of simulated reads affected by the mutation, the sequencing coverage of the mutation locus, and the ratio between these two last columns (columns <sample name> occurrences, <sample name> coverage, and <sample name> VAF, respectively).

Plotting Sequencing Data

ProCESS/RACE provides functions to plot the Variant Allele Frequency (VAF), the B-Allele Frequency (BAF), and the Depth Ratio (DR) of a sample.

library(dplyr)

# filter germinal mutations
f_seq <- seq_results$mutations %>% filter(classes != "germinal")

# plot the VAF of the mutations sequenced on the sample S_2_2
# over the reference genome
plot_VAF(f_seq, sample = "S_2_2")

# plot the BAF of the mutations sequenced on the sample S_2_2
# over the reference genome
plot_BAF(f_seq, sample = "S_2_2")

# plot the DR of the mutations sequenced on the sample S_2_2
# over the reference genome
plot_DR(f_seq, sample = "S_2_2")

The VAF and the VAF marginal distributions can be plot too.

# plotting the VAF histogram
plot_VAF_histogram(f_seq, cuts = c(0.02, 1))

# plotting the VAF marginals
plot_VAF_marginals(f_seq, samples = c("S_1_1", "S_1_2", "S_2_2"))
#> [[1]]
#> Ignoring unknown labels:
#> • colour : "labels"

#> 
#> [[2]]
#> Ignoring unknown labels:
#> • colour : "labels"

#> 
#> [[3]]
#> Ignoring unknown labels:
#> • colour : "labels"

The VAF and the VAF marginal plots can be labelled.

# plotting the VAF histogram with labels
plot_VAF_histogram(f_seq, labels = f_seq["classes"], cuts = c(0.02, 1))
#> Ignoring unknown labels:
#> • colour : "c(\"driver\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"driver\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"driver\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"driver\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"driver\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"passenger\", \"passenger\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\",
#>   \"pre-neoplastic\", \"pre-neoplastic\")"

# plotting the VAF marginals and labelling it
plot_VAF_marginals(f_seq, samples = c("S_1_1", "S_1_2", "S_2_2"),
                   labels = f_seq["classes"])
#> [[1]]

#> 
#> [[2]]

#> 
#> [[3]]

Saving the Simulated Reads

ProCESS/RACE can also save the simulated reads in the SAM format (see (Li et al. 2009)). By setting the optional parameter write_SAM to TRUE, the function simulate_seq() creates the directory ProCESS_SAM and saves the SAM files in it. Each file is named after one of the reference genome chromosomes and contains the simulated reads. The reads are split into read groups corresponding to the collected samples.

seq_results <- simulate_seq(phylo_forest, coverage = 2.5, write_SAM = TRUE)
#>  [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:00s]  [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:00s] Processing chr. 22 [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:03s] Processing chr. 22 [███-------------------------------------] 5% [00m:04s] Processing chr. 22 [█████-----------------------------------] 11% [00m:05s] Processing chr. 22 [███████---------------------------------] 17% [00m:06s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████------------------------------] 23% [00m:06s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████----------------------------] 28% [00m:07s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████--------------------------] 34% [00m:08s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████-----------------------] 40% [00m:09s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████---------------------] 46% [00m:10s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████-------------------] 50% [00m:11s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████------------------] 52% [00m:12s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████-----------------] 57% [00m:13s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████---------------] 60% [00m:14s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████--------------] 63% [00m:15s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████-------------] 67% [00m:16s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████-----------] 70% [00m:17s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████----------] 74% [00m:18s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████---------] 77% [00m:19s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 79% [00m:20s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 80% [00m:21s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 81% [00m:22s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 83% [00m:23s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 84% [00m:24s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 85% [00m:25s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 86% [00m:26s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 88% [00m:27s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 89% [00m:28s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 90% [00m:29s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 92% [00m:30s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 93% [00m:31s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 94% [00m:32s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 96% [00m:33s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 97% [00m:34s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 98% [00m:35s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [00m:36s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [00m:37s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:38s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:38s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:38s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:38s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:38s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:38s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:38s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:38s] Reads simulated

sam_files <- list.files("ProCESS_SAM/")

ex_file <- paste("ProCESS_SAM/", sam_files[1], sep = "")
for (line in readLines(ex_file, n = 10)) {
  cat(paste(line, "\n"))
}
#> @HD  VN:1.6  SO:unknown 
#> @SQ  SN:22   LN:51304566 AN:chr22, chromosome22,chromosome_22,chr_22 
#> @RG  ID:S_1_1    SM:S_1_1    PL:ILLUMINA 
#> @RG  ID:S_1_2    SM:S_1_2    PL:ILLUMINA 
#> @RG  ID:S_2_1    SM:S_2_1    PL:ILLUMINA 
#> @RG  ID:S_2_2    SM:S_2_2    PL:ILLUMINA 
#> @RG  ID:normal_sample    SM:normal_sample    PL:ILLUMINA 
#> r2200000000002   16  22  37688272    93  150M    *   0   0   GAATGCGTGCCTTCAGCGAGTGTTTAACTGAGTGCTTATGACATGTCAGACTCTTTCTAGGTGCTGGGGACACAGTAGTGAGCAAAAGAGTAGAACAACTGAACTCTCATGGAGCCGAGAGTCTAGCGGGAGGGACAGAAAAGATGCAAG  FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF  RG:Z:S_1_1  NM:i:0  CB:Z:0000025I 
#> r2200000000003   16  22  23211437    93  150M    *   0   0   CTCATACTTGCAGTGATTTCCAATGCAGTAGGAATTCTCTGGTGCTGAGGAGTCTACTAGGAATATAATTTCAATGCCTTTAAAATTTTTCAGTAGCCACATTTTAAAAGTAATAAAGAACGGGTGGAAGCAACTTTCGTACTATATTTT  FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF  RG:Z:S_1_1  NM:i:0  CB:Z:0000025I 
#> r2200000000005   0   22  30432954    93  150M    *   0   0   CATACCCTCATCCAAAAAGAACAGGACCTGAAAAAGCCTCTTAGAGGCAACCCATTGAAAATGGAGACCAGTGTTTCATACAGCACATAGTGAAAAAGGTTTGATCCGAATTTAATCTTGTAAAATGAAACTATTATTGAAATAAGTATC  FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF  RG:Z:S_1_1  NM:i:0  CB:Z:0000025I

Each SAM file contains the reads produced by simulating the sequencing of all the samples. The command-line tools samtools can be used to split the reads by sample.

foo@bar % samtools split  -f "%*_%\!.sam" ProCESS_SAM/chr_22.sam
foo@bar % ls chr_22_*
chr_22_S_1_1.sam        chr_22_S_1_2.sam        chr_22_S_2_1.sam        chr_22_S_2_2.sam

The resulting files are named after the samples, each containing the reads of only one sample.

Please refer to the samtools split manual for more details.

The simulate_seq() parameter output_dir set the SAM output directory. See the following section for usage examples of this parameter.

Sample Purity

The sample purity represents the concentration of tumour cells in a sample. More formally, it is the ratio between the number of tumour cells in the sample and that of all the sample cells, either tumour or normal (i.e., cells having germline and pre-neoplastic mutations).

ProCESS can simulate different sample purity in sequencing simulations.

# simulate the sequencing of a sample in which 70% of the cells are
# tumour cells
seq_results <- simulate_seq(phylo_forest, coverage = 2.5, purity = 0.7,
                            write_SAM = TRUE, output_dir = "SAM_0.7")
#>  [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:00s]  [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:00s] Processing chr. 22 [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:02s] Processing chr. 22 [███-------------------------------------] 5% [00m:03s] Processing chr. 22 [█████-----------------------------------] 11% [00m:04s] Processing chr. 22 [███████---------------------------------] 17% [00m:05s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████-------------------------------] 22% [00m:06s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████----------------------------] 28% [00m:07s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████--------------------------] 34% [00m:08s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████-----------------------] 40% [00m:09s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████---------------------] 45% [00m:10s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████--------------------] 49% [00m:11s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████------------------] 52% [00m:12s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████-----------------] 57% [00m:13s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████---------------] 60% [00m:14s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████--------------] 64% [00m:15s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████------------] 68% [00m:16s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████-----------] 71% [00m:17s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████---------] 75% [00m:18s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 78% [00m:19s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 79% [00m:20s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 80% [00m:21s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 81% [00m:22s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 82% [00m:23s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 84% [00m:24s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 85% [00m:25s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 86% [00m:26s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 87% [00m:27s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 89% [00m:28s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 90% [00m:29s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 91% [00m:30s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 93% [00m:31s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 94% [00m:32s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 95% [00m:33s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 97% [00m:34s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 98% [00m:35s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [00m:36s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [00m:37s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [00m:38s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:39s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:39s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:39s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:39s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:39s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:39s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:39s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:39s] Reads simulated

sam_files <- list.files("SAM_0.7/")

ex_file <- paste("SAM_0.7/", sam_files[1], sep = "")
for (line in readLines(ex_file, n = 10)) {
  cat(paste(line, "\n"))
}
#> @HD  VN:1.6  SO:unknown 
#> @SQ  SN:22   LN:51304566 AN:chr22, chromosome22,chromosome_22,chr_22 
#> @RG  ID:S_1_1    SM:S_1_1    PL:ILLUMINA 
#> @RG  ID:S_1_2    SM:S_1_2    PL:ILLUMINA 
#> @RG  ID:S_2_1    SM:S_2_1    PL:ILLUMINA 
#> @RG  ID:S_2_2    SM:S_2_2    PL:ILLUMINA 
#> @RG  ID:normal_sample    SM:normal_sample    PL:ILLUMINA 
#> r2200000000000   16  22  22309146    93  150M    *   0   0   CACATTCCTTAGCTCACCTGAGCCTCAGTTTCTTGATGAGAAAAAATCGGGACAATAGCAACCAACCTATCTCAGAGGGCTGCTGTGAGACCCTGAGCCACTGTTTCTCAAACTGCCCCTGAGATCACCTACAACAGAATGGCTGTAGGG  FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF  RG:Z:S_1_1  NM:i:0  CB:Z:0000025I 
#> r2200000000001   0   22  40552280    93  150M    *   0   0   ACGTTGGAGACATTGGGGAACTCACCAGTTGCTTTGGTGGCTGTTAATGCATTGCTTCTATTTATAGACCAACTAACTAGAAGGACAAGAAAGTTAGCGTTACAGTTTTTCACACTCGCCTAATCAAAATTTATGTTATGTTGTAGCAAA  FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF  RG:Z:S_1_1  NM:i:0  CB:Z:0000025I 
#> r2200000000003   16  22  38382851    93  150M    *   0   0   CAGCAGGCAAGGGTGAAGGACCCATAGTCATTCCTGAAGAGCAGGGAGCTTGGAGAGGGGAGGGATCCTGGCTGAAGACACCTGGGCCTCTGCCCCAGCAGGACAACAGGAGGGCCAGTGTCACCTTCTCCTCCTTTCCCTGCTGGGGGT  FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF  RG:Z:S_1_1  NM:i:0  CB:Z:0000025I

The default value of the parameter purity is 1, i.e., simulate_seq() assumes all the cells in the sample to be neoplastic by default.

The function simulate_normal_seq() simulates the sequencing of a sample whose cells have germline and tumoral pre-neoplastic mutations. The pre-neoplastic mutations can be avoided by setting the optional parameter with_preneoplastic.

Simulating Sequencing Errors

To simulate sequencing errors, users need to specify a sequencer to the function simulate_seq().

At the moment, there are only two classes implementing sequencers: the ErrorlessIlluminaSequencer class and the BasicIlluminaSequencer classes.

The ErrorlessIlluminaSequencer Class

This class models a perfect Illumina sequencer. No sequencing errors are produced, and all the bases have the maximum quality.

The following code simulates the sequencing by using this kind of sequencer.

# build an error-free Illumina sequencer
no_error_seq <- ErrorlessIlluminaSequencer()

# let us simulate a 2.5x sequencing of the four sample
# on the error-free sequencer
seq_results <- simulate_seq(phylo_forest, sequencer = no_error_seq,
                            coverage = 2.5)

The BasicIlluminaSequencer Class

This class sets a sequencing error rate independent of the base in which the error occurs, from the position of the base in the read and from the position of the read on the genome.

# build a basic Illumina sequencer model in which errors occur
# at rate 4e-3 per base
basic_seq <- BasicIlluminaSequencer(4e-3)

# let us simulate a 2.5x sequencing of the four sample
# on the error-free sequencer
seq_results <- simulate_seq(phylo_forest, sequencer = basic_seq,
                            coverage = 2.5, write_SAM = TRUE)

Chromosome Sequencing

The function simulate_seq() allows users to simulate the sequencing of a selection of the reference chromosomes by using the parameter chromosomes.

# let us simulate a 2.5x sequencing of the chromosomes 22 and
# X of the four sample
seq_results <- simulate_seq(phylo_forest, chromosomes = c("22", "X"),
                            coverage = 2.5, write_SAM = TRUE)

Updating the SAM Output Directory

Users may want to simulate sequencing in multiple steps, for instance, by splitting it by chromosome or reaching the aimed coverage with different simulations. However, ProCESS prevents successive writing in the same directory by default. The Boolean parameter update_SAM allows multiple writing in the same directory.

# the default SAM directory already exists
sam_files <- list.files("ProCESS_SAM/")

# since the default save directory already exists, any call to
# `simulate_seq` throws an error
tryCatch(
  {
    simulate_seq(phylo_forest, coverage = 2.5, write_SAM = TRUE)
  },
  error = function(e) {
    print(e)
  }
)
#> <std::domain_error in eval(expr, envir): "ProCESS_SAM" already exists>

# setting `update_SAM` to TRUE enables successive writing in
# the output directory
seq_results <- simulate_seq(phylo_forest, coverage = 2.5,
                            write_SAM = TRUE, update_SAM = TRUE)
#>  [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:00s]  [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:00s] Processing chr. 22 [█---------------------------------------] 0% [00m:03s] Processing chr. 22 [███-------------------------------------] 5% [00m:04s] Processing chr. 22 [█████-----------------------------------] 11% [00m:05s] Processing chr. 22 [███████---------------------------------] 16% [00m:06s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████-------------------------------] 22% [00m:07s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████-----------------------------] 27% [00m:08s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████---------------------------] 32% [00m:09s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████-------------------------] 37% [00m:10s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████-----------------------] 42% [00m:11s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████---------------------] 47% [00m:12s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████-------------------] 51% [00m:13s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████-----------------] 55% [00m:14s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████----------------] 58% [00m:15s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████---------------] 62% [00m:16s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████-------------] 65% [00m:17s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████------------] 69% [00m:18s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████-----------] 72% [00m:19s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████---------] 76% [00m:20s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████--------] 78% [00m:21s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 80% [00m:22s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 81% [00m:23s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████-------] 82% [00m:24s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████------] 83% [00m:25s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 85% [00m:26s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 86% [00m:27s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████-----] 87% [00m:28s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████----] 88% [00m:29s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 90% [00m:30s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 91% [00m:31s] Processing chr. 22 [█████████████████████████████████████---] 92% [00m:32s] Processing chr. 22 [██████████████████████████████████████--] 94% [00m:33s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 95% [00m:34s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 96% [00m:35s] Processing chr. 22 [███████████████████████████████████████-] 97% [00m:36s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [00m:37s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [00m:38s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 99% [00m:39s] Processing chr. 22 [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:40s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:40s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:40s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:40s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:40s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:40s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:40s] Processing chr. 22
#>  [████████████████████████████████████████] 100% [00m:40s] Reads simulated

When the output directory already contains a SAM file associated with a chromosome, the alignments on that chromosome are saved in a file whose name is the first available, having the format "chr_{chromosome name}_{natural number}.sam".

list.files("ProCESS_SAM/")
#> [1] "chr_22_0.sam" "chr_22.sam"

Li, Heng, Bob Handsaker, Alec Wysoker, et al. 2009. “The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools.” Bioinformatics 25 (16): 2078–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352.